Notes from Dr. Borkosky

[90], Caligula needed to quell several riots and conspiracies in the eastern territories during his reign. [128] Uncomfortable with lingering imperial support, the assassins sought out and killed Caligula's wife, Caesonia, and killed their young daughter, Julia Drusilla, by smashing her head against a wall. [57] He had new roads built and pushed to keep roads in good condition. [36][37] Caligula collected and brought back the bones of his mother and of his brothers and deposited their remains in the tomb of Augustus. - NERO CAESAR. Rome, Italy Not even marriage and the birth of a daughter seemed to change him. There are few surviving sources about the reign of Caligula, though he is described as a noble and moderate emperor during the first six months of his rule.

as his son and heir. [57] He expanded the imperial palace.

Such a move would have left both the Senate and the Praetorian Guard powerless to stop Caligula's repression and debauchery. During the assassination, Caligula was stabbed 30 times, and killed. Flaccus had been loyal to Tiberius, had conspired against Caligula's mother and had connections with Egyptian separatists. [50] According to Suetonius, in the first year of Caligula's reign he squandered 2.7 billion sesterces that Tiberius had amassed. [92] In 38, Caligula sent Agrippa to Alexandria unannounced to check on Flaccus. Instead, Caligula took his emotions out on others. Mauretania was a client kingdom of Rome ruled by Ptolemy of Mauretania.

"[30] Caligula was loved by many for being the beloved son of the popular Germanicus,[29] and because he was not Tiberius. He allowed new members into the equestrian and senatorial orders. [96], In 39, Agrippa accused Herod Antipas, the tetrarch of Galilee and Perea, of planning a rebellion against Roman rule with the help of Parthia. After a soldier, Gratus, found Claudius hiding behind a palace curtain, he was spirited out of the city by a sympathetic faction of the Praetorian Guard[130] to their nearby camp.[131]. [89] Augustus had the public worship his spirit on occasion, but Dio describes this as an extreme act that emperors generally shied away from. He freed political [31] Suetonius said that over 160,000 animals were sacrificed during three months of public rejoicing to usher in the new reign. at the same time. Romans were ecstatic over his death, in part because the empire now fell into the hands of Caligula, whom citizens believed packed the same qualities as his esteemed late father. IMP. He died a month later, and rumors swirled that Caligula had smothered him. [44], According to Cassius Dio, a financial crisis emerged in 39. [154], Quadrans celebrating the abolition of a tax in AD 38 by Caligula. The emperor then imprisoned her two older sons, one of whom killed himself; the other starved to death. [10][17] An observer said of Caligula, "Never was there a better servant or a worse master! Anzio) on August 31, 12 A handful of other sources add a limited perspective on Caligula. Finally, in 32 The facts and circumstances of Caligula's reign are mostly lost to history. During the assassination, Caligula was stabbed 30 times, and killed. [76] However, the rebellion of Tacfarinas had shown how exposed Africa Proconsularis was to its west and how the Mauretanian client kings were unable to provide protection to the province, and it is thus possible that Caligula's expansion was a prudent response to potential future threats. [39] He had his cousin and adopted son Tiberius Gemellus executed – an act that outraged Caligula's and Gemellus's mutual grandmother Antonia Minor.

Barrett, Anthony. One coin of Caligula (AD 37–41), and two coins of Nero (AD 54–68).

[74], There seems to have been a northern campaign to Britannia that was aborted. Alexander Thomson. [7] Gaius, though, reportedly grew to dislike this nickname. Macro had fallen out of favor with the emperor, probably due to an attempt to ally himself with Gemellus when it appeared that Caligula might die of fever. [98] However, Caligula issued a second order to have his statue erected in the Temple of Jerusalem. With this in mind Chaerea convinced his fellow conspirators, who included Marcus Vinicius and Lucius Annius Vinicianus, to put their plot into action quickly. He hated being the grandson of Agrippa and slandered Augustus by repeating a falsehood that his mother was actually conceived as the result of an incestuous relationship between Augustus and his daughter Julia the Elder. Recent sources are divided in attempting to ascribe a medical reason for his behavior, citing as possibilities encephalitis, epilepsy or meningitis. [113], Caligula's actions as emperor were described as being especially harsh to the Senate, to the nobility and to the equestrian order. [72] Pliny claims that division was the work of Caligula, but Dio states that in 42 an uprising took place, which was subdued by Gaius Suetonius Paulinus and Gnaeus Hosidius Geta, and the division only took place after this. An illness Born: August 31, 12 C. E.

Caligula Death. Germanicus' uncle and adoptive father, Tiberius, succeeded Augustus as emperor of Rome in AD 14. [46][49] Wills that left items to Tiberius were reinterpreted to leave the items instead to Caligula. [10] In 30, his brother Drusus was imprisoned on charges of treason and his brother Nero died in exile from either starvation or suicide. Balsdon, J. P. V. D. [94] As a result, riots broke out in the city. In Rome, another statue of himself, of colossal size, was made of gilt brass for the purpose. He delighted in watching torture and executions, and spent his nights in orgies of gluttony and passion. [54], A brief famine of unknown extent occurred, perhaps caused by this financial crisis, but Suetonius claims it resulted from Caligula's seizure of public carriages;[46] according to Seneca, grain imports were disrupted because Caligula re-purposed grain boats for a pontoon bridge.[55]. C.E. [143][144] Modern historians have theorized that Caligula lived with a daily fear of seizures. [8], Suetonius claims that Germanicus was poisoned in Syria by an agent of Tiberius, who viewed Germanicus as a political rival. [128] The military, though, remained loyal to the idea of imperial monarchy. "[53] Furthermore, Alston points out that Caligula's successor, Claudius, was able to donate 15,000 sesterces to each member of the praetorian guard in 41,[26] suggesting the Roman treasury was solvent.

He also staged lavish events, including chariot races, boxing matches, plays and gladiator shows. He succeeded Tiberius as Roman emperor in 37 A.D., and adopted the name Gaius Caesar Germanicus. the Roman people. Indeed, he was represented as a sun god on Egyptian coins. But by 33 Katz, "The Illness of Caligula" CW 65(1972),223-25, refuted by M.G. The conflict eventually led to the destruction of her family, with Caligula as the sole male survivor.

But by the spring of 38 Seneca's various works give mostly scattered anecdotes on Caligula's personality. Caligula's behavior included building a bridge that

[120] Caligula would mock Chaerea with names like "Priapus" and "Venus".[121]. [48] Caligula began auctioning the lives of the gladiators at shows. - NERO CAESAR AVG. [63] Caligula, who could not swim,[64] then proceeded to ride his favourite horse Incitatus across, wearing the breastplate of Alexander the Great. [68], Caligula reviewed Tiberius' records of treason trials and decided, based on their actions during these trials, that numerous senators were not trustworthy. In all things he became irrational and cruel. Gaius Caesar, nicknamed Caligula or "Little Boot," was born on August 31, in 12 A.D. Italian emperor. Italian diplomat Niccolò Machiavelli is best known for writing The Prince, a handbook for unscrupulous politicians that inspired the term "Machiavellian" and established its author as the "father of modern political theory.". [93] According to Philo, the visit was met with jeers from the Greek population who saw Agrippa as the king of the Jews.

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