Notes from Dr. Borkosky

Champagne is a coat color dilution responsible for diluting both red and black pigment as well as causing pinkish/lavender skin and amber-colored eyes. [2] Either way, all LWS foals have horses with frame overo patterning in their pedigrees, and horses carrying a frame allele may not necessarily have a visible expression of the frame overo color. [2][3], To complicate matters further, some of the spotting gene patterns can be combined to produce a horse with multiple color traits, such as the Tovero. The gray gene causes progressive depigmentation of the hair, often resulting in a color that is almost completely white by 6-8 years of age. Cream is a dilution that causes the palomino, buckskin, smoky black, cremello, perlino, and smoky cream coat colors. [5] LWS occurs when a foal is homozygous for the Ile118Lys EDNRB mutation, which is considered by many researchers to be "usually responsible" for the frame overo phenotype. Tobianos have a vertical spotting pattern, large, rounded spots, white that crosses the topline, dark heads, but mostly white legs and white or multi-colored tail. The head is often white or bald-faced, and blue eyes are not uncommon. An overo may be either predominantly dark or white. [1] On the other hand, a "sabino-white" is a near-white or completely white horse, and sabino genetics are not linked to lethal white. with white irregular patches added, usually with a horizontal orientation. This is the most comprehensive of the horse coat color/patterning panels offered by the VGL. Horses may also have a combination of sabino and frame overo genetics or any other combination of genes, resulting patterns that are difficult to smoothly classify into any one group. " [7] These include high white stockings on all four feet, often extending up the legs with jagged edges, a fairly white head, with markings often extending past the eyes, roaning at the edges of white markings, lip spots, "lacing," and white patches on the lower barrel that may extend to the flanks. Albinism does not exist in horses. © 2020 American Paint Horse Association 122 East Exchange Ave. – Suite 420 [6] However, other researchers emphasize that overo spotting patterns are phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous, that is, may have multiple sources.[7]. [1] Splash overos are more prone to being deaf than other horses.[9]. Splashed white is a variable white spotting pattern characterized by a broad blaze, extended white markings on the legs, variable white spotting on the belly, and often blue eyes. The VGL tests for the four most common mutations known as W5, W10, W20, and W22. The frame overo pattern is the most common of the three types of overo patterns recognized in the American Paint Horse breed. Fort Worth, TX 76164. One reason for the terminology confusion is that "overo" was used by Paint horse breeders in the United States to refer to "anything that is not tobiano. This particular pattern was named after horses from in the middle of the range upwards, that is the pigmented area is said to “frame in the horse” and thus white patterning primary occurs on the abdomen, middle of the neck, and on the face. The frame overo pattern, like all other white spotting patterns, can vary along a continuum from a horse with very minimal white to a horse with lots of white. Dun is a coat color dilution characterized by lightening of the coat, with the head, lower legs, mane, and tail undiluted. Recent studies suggest that splashed white may be caused by a dominant gene. The frame overo gene can be masked by other white patterns, particularly tobiano, which is a dominant gene and epistatic to overo. The genetics of pinto spotting patterns are still being researched and are not fully understood. For example, a tovero might have tobiano body spotting with rounded edges and white across the back, yet have irregular facial markings and blue eyes. [1] A minimal sabino may only have one of the traits associated with sabino horses. Overo is a Spanish word, originally meaning "like an egg". [1], In general, sabino is a generic description for a group of similar white spotting patterns. The white usually will not cross the back of the horse between its withers and its tail. Copyright © The Regents of the University of California, Davis campus. The tail is usually one color. Promotional pricing until December 31, 2020: $150 per animal, Make a Gift to the UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine - Social Media Hub, VIPERFacultyAlumniFuture Veterinary Medical CenterCampus Directory. [8] LWS foals are born almost or completely white with pink skin, but have blue eyes, not red ones. Generally, at least one and often all four legs are dark. Markings are often of jagged shape rather than rounded, the white rarely crosses the back, the lower legs tend to be dark, and the tail is one color, usually dark. Homozygosity for W5, W10, or W22 is thought to be non-viable.

[2] The mutation has not been found in solid-colored horses from breeds without frame patterning. Blue-eyed, pink-skinned cremellos and other horses carrying the cream gene do not carry the LWS allele unless they also have an ancestor with overo genetics. The sabino pattern is one of the most complex, as there has been one gene identified, SB-1, that creates one type of sabino patterning, but not all sabino-patterned horses carry it.

It is the least common of the overo patterns. Sabino is listed a type of overo coloring by the American Paint Horse Association. Tobiano is a white spotting pattern characterized by white on the body that crosses the topline. There is a DNA test for the gene which can be used to plan breedings and avoid producing affected foals. There is a DNA test for the allele associated with the frame overo pattern, which causes the controversial lethal white syndrome, and there is a DNA test for three mutations, SW-1, SW-2, and SW-3, associated with splashed white.[3]. Overo is a Spanish word, originally meaning "like an egg". The lethal trait is that the nerves of the foal's digestive system are undeveloped and the bowel cannot move food along. Outside of the United States, the term "splash" is sometimes applied to horses of apparent Sabino patterning. Generally, at least one and often all four legs are dark.

[2], Frame coloring is controversial because it is associated with lethal white syndrome (OLWS or LWS),[4] the equine version of Hirschprung disease. An overo may be either predominantly dark or white.

Tobiano is a white spotting pattern characterized by white on the body that crosses the topline. When a tobiano allele is present, it is epistatic and often masks other patterns.[5].

The extension gene, or red factor, determines whether a horse will have a chestnut base coat color or a black or bay base coat color. In addition, strongly marked sabino horses may mimic either overo or tobiano coloring.

"[1] Another reason for this terminology is that the term "overo", when used outside of the USA, particularly in Spanish-speaking countries, refers to horses with the speckled roaning patterns typical of horses called sabino in the USA. [7], Tobiano coloring is the inverse of overo spotting. Overo refers to several genetically unrelated pinto coloration patterns of white-over-dark body markings in horses, and is a term used by the American Paint Horse Association to classify a set of pinto patterns that are not Tobiano.
Lethal white horses should not be confused with non-lethal forms of white, such as dominant white, which may be completely white with pink skin. Typical examples tend to have more white than dark, whereas typical frame overo horses tend to more dark than white, though there are many exceptions in both cases. All lethal white foals die within 72 hours after birth, and are typically euthanized sooner for humane reasons. See below for pricing and list of specific tests included in panel. Pearl is a coat color dilution that is characterized by a dilution of the coat, mane, and tail as well as a lightening of the skin. The silver dilution is also associated with an inherited ocular syndrome known as Multiple Congenital Ocular Anomalies (MCOA). [5] Likewise, a sick foal that happens to be white can be tested to avoid inadvertent euthanization of a non-lethal foal who has a simple case of colic. All tobianos must have at least one tobiano parent. The white usually will not cross the back of the horse between its withers and its tail. We promote, preserve and provide meaningful experiences with Paint Horses. In addition, some carriers of the LWS allele appear to be solid. A horse can be a carrier of the trait when it carries only one copy of the gene, (that is, heterozygous) and carriers are healthy and show no clinical signs of lethal white syndrome.[1]. Generally, the white is irregular, and is rather scattered or splashy.
Generally, at least one and often all four legs are dark. [5] Epistatic means that when both genes are present, this is the one expressed. An overo may be either predominantly dark or white. Sabino 1 Leopard complex or appaloosa spotting is a white pattern in horses characterized by a variable amounts of white in the coat with or without pigmented leopard spots. [2] There are records of frame overos being produced by two nonspotted parents. A tovero horse has pinto spotting patterns that show characteristics of both overo and tobiano and probably carries genes for both. Because there are many different ways a horse can be classified as an "overo", and different genes linked to overo patterning, it is not accurate to say the "overo gene" is what "causes" lethal white syndrome. Overo-Lethal White Foal Syndrome (OLW)", "A missense mutation in the endothelin-B receptor gene is associated with Lethal White Foal Syndrome: an equine version of Hirschsprung disease", "Splashed White horses, Min to Max expression", Spotted Saddle Horse Breeders & Exhibitors Association, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overo&oldid=917309759, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 23 September 2019, at 07:24.

Sabino is a white spotting pattern that is characterized by white markings on legs often accompanied by white ticking or roaning of the midsection and a blaze on the face. There are at least three genetically different spotting patterns which fall under the "overo" classification: frame overo, sabino overo, and splash or splashed white overo. Lethal White Overo (LWO) Lethal white overo (LWO) is a genetic disorder that results from two copies of the version of the gene causing the frame overo coat color pattern. There is a theory, however, that these "solid" horses simply may be horses with very minimal expression of overo genetics. Dominant white is a variable white spotting pattern caused by many different mutations in the KIT gene. Although the condition lethal white syndrome is also sometimes called "overo lethal white", that term is somewhat a misnomer. Appaloosa Pattern-1 is a modifier of the leopard complex spotting (LP) and controls the amount of white in the coat pattern. Head markings are distinctive, often bald-faced, apron-faced or bonnet-faced.

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